| Course Description | 
    This seminar investigates the concepts of ethnicity, race, and identity, in both theory and practice,  through a comparative survey of several case studies from the Pre-Modern history of the Middle East.  The course focuses on symbols of identity and difference, interpreting them through a variety of  analytical tools, and evaluating the utility of each as part of an ongoing exploration of the subject. The  survey considers theories of ethnicity and race, as well as their critics, and includes cases from the  Ancient World (c. 1000 BCE) through the Old Regime (c. 1800 CE).     Students in this course will gain a familiarity with major theories of social difference and alterity, and  utilize them to interpret and analyze controversial debates about social politics and identity from the  history of the Middle East, including ancient ethnicity, historical racism, Arab identity, pluralism in the  Islamic Empire, and slavery, among others. In addition, students will spend much of the semester  developing a specialized case study of their own on a historical community of interest. All of the case  studies will be presented in a showcase at the end of the semester.     All assigned readings for the course will be in English. Primary sources will be provided in translation.  The course meets once a week and sessions are two hours long. 
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